2. Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Definition

Airborne,Infectious,Communicable Disease Though to be Caused by Mycobacterium Tuber-
culosis.May Affect any Part of the Body,But is Most Common in the Lungs.Disease May be
Acute or Chronic.

Transmission

1. The Term Mycobacterium is Descriptive of the Organism,Which is the Bacterium is That
ResemblesFungus.The Organism Multiplies Slowly And is Characterized as Acid-fast aero
bic Organism that Can be Killed Heat,Sunshine,Drying And Ultraviolet Light.

2. Tuberculosis is Airborne Disease Transmitted by Droplet Nuclei,Usually From the Within
The Respiratory Tract of Infected Person Who Exhales Them During Coughing,Talking,
Sneezing,or Singing.

3. When Unaffected Susceptible Person Inhales the Droplet Containing Air,The Organism is
Carried Into the Lung to The Pulmonary Alveoli.

Risk Factors For Activation of Tuberculosis

Person at Risk|

1. Adult Whose Initial Infection Was Acquired Many Years Previously,These Persons Har
bor Live Dormant Bacilli That that Anytime May Reactivate and Spread Disease.

2. Persons in Close Contact With Someone Who Has Infectious Tuberculosis

3. Persons Whose Tuberculin Skin Test Have Recently With HIV.

4. Elderly Persons,Particularly Those Living in Extended Care Facilities Who Have Healed
Dormant Lesions

5. Certain Minority Groups,Recent Immigrants,and Homeless

6. Medical Risk Factors Include Silicosis,Gastrectomy,and Immunosuppressive Therapy.

Clinical Manifestations


Patients May be Symptomatic or May Have Insidious Symptoms That are Ignored
1. Generalized Systemic Signs and Symptoms
a. Fatigue,Anorexia,Weight Lose,Low Grade Fever,Night Sweats,Indigestion
b. Some Patients Have Acute Febrile Illness,Chills,Generalized Influenza Like Symptoms

2. Pulmonary Signs and Symptoms
a. Cough ( Insidious Onset )Progressing in Frequency and producing Mucous or Mucopuru
lent Sputum
b. Hemoptysis;Chest Pain;Dyspnea ( Indicates Extensive Involvement )

3. Extra Pulmonary Tuberculosis| Mycobacterium Can Infect Any Organ in the Body ( Plea
sure,Lymph Nodes,Genitourinary Tract,Bones/Joints,Peritoneum,Central Nervous System)

Introduction

It`s Nice to post this Blog.With this Blog ,I wish I Could Share About My Knowledge of
the Most Deadly Diseases in the World.I Hope Also You Give a Comment to My Blog After
Review this Blog.This Information,I Hope Could be Useful Especially to Increase Our Health
And Prevent Us to Suffer these Deadly Diseases.This Blog Will Discuss the Diseases Which Ca
used by Microorganism And Others.This Blog Will Discuss From the Definition of Diseases,
Signs and Symptoms and the Treatments.And How to Prevent or Avoid These Diseases.

1. AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

First of All,I will Start With AIDS.Why AIDS? I Think it`s the Most Popular disease in
the World.AIDS is An Acquired Immune Deficiency Characterized by A Defect in Natural
Immunity Against Disease.With the Lost Immunity Response,The Individual is Susceptible
to A Variety Off "Opportunistic Infections".The Individual Who is Seropositive for HIV,With
or Without Symptoms,is Considered to be HIV-Positive.This Person May live for Many Years
Before Meeting The Centers For Disease Control (CDC) Criteria For A Diagnosis Of AIDS.Whi
le Imminent Death is Not A Realistic Concern,The Patient Needs to Make Major Behavioral
and Lifestyle Changes to Prolong Life Expectancy and May Have Significant Problems That Require Information and Assistance.The Person Who is Well-supported Medically May Survi
ve Opportunistic Infection Episodes For Several Years.

Etiology

1. The Causative Agent is A Retrovirus That Damages the Immune System by Infecting and
Depleting the T4 helper Lymphocytes.( These T4 Cells Play A Central Role In the Regulation
of the Immune System )

2. They Are Also Abnormalities in the Function of the B Cells,T8 Cells,NK Cells,Monocytes and
Macrophages.

3. With the Lost of the Immune Function,the Disease Becomes Clinically Manifested.

4. HIV is Transmitted by Sexual Contact,Through Exposure to Blood and Blood Components,
and Perinatally From An Infected Mother to the Child.

Risk Factors for HIV Transmission

1. Homosexual and Bisexual Men

2. Intravenous Drug Abusers

3. Transfusion and Blood Product Recipients

4. Heterosexual Contacts of HIV-Positive Individuals

5. Newborn Babies of Mothers Who Are Sero Positive

Clinical Manifestations


A. Following Exposure to HIV Infection

1. Shortly Following Exposure ( 6 Days to 7 Weeks ),There is An Acute Flu Like Illness
Lasting 2 - 4 Weeks.
2. Manifested by Fever,Sweats,Myalgia,Arthralgias,Malaise,Shore Throat,General Lympha
denopathy,Macolopapular rash,and Fungal and Viral Infections of the Mouth.

B. Development of AIDS Related Diseases

1. Appears Month to Years After Exposure
2. Pulmonary Manifestations
a. Persistent Cough,Shortness of Breath,Chest Pain,Fever.
b. From Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia (Most Common) Mycobacterium Avium,Cyto
megalovirus,Legionella,and Other Pathogens.
3. Gastrointestinal Manifestations
a. Diarrhea,Wight Loss,Anorexia,Abdominal Cramping,Rectal Urgency (Tenesmus)
b. From Enteric Pathogens Including Salmonella,Shigella,Campylobacter,Entamoeba
Hystolica,Cytomegalovirus,Herpes Simplex,Strongyloides,Giardia,Cryptosporidium
,Isospora Belli,Chlamydia and Others.
4. Oral Manifestations
a. Appearance of Oral Lesions,White Plaques and Oral Mucous and Angular Cheilitis
From Candida Albicans of Mouth and Esophagus.
b. Vesicle With Ulceration From Viruses.
c. White Lesions of Margins of Tongue From Hairy Leukoplakia.
d. Oral Warts and Associated Gingivitis.
e. Peridonitis Progressing to Gingival Necrosis and Exposure of Bone.
5. Central Nervous System Manifestations
a. Cognitive,Motor,and Behavior Symptoms ( AIDS Dementia Complex )
b.Demonstrated by Mental Slowing,Impaired Memory and Concentration,Loss of Ba
lance,Lower Extremity Weakness,Ataxia,Apathy,and Social Withdraw.
c. From CNS Toxoplasmosis,Cryptococcal Meningitis,Herpes Virus Infection,Cytome
galovirus ( Causing Retinopathy and Blindness ),and CNS Lymphoma.
6. Malignancies
a. Kaposi's Sarcoma ( Rare and Aggreessive Tumor Involving Skin,Lymph Nodes,Gas
trointestinal Tract,and Lungs ).
b. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and Lymphomas.
c. Cloacogenic Cancer ( An Unusual Cancer of the Anal Area ).